第五十二条 【诉请变更】原告可以放弃或者变更诉讼请求。被告可以承认或者反驳诉讼请求，有权提起反诉。
Article 52 The plaintiff may relinquish or modify his claim. The defendant may confirm or repudiate the claim and shall have the right to file a counterclaim.
第五十三条 【共同诉讼】当事人一方或者双方为二人以上，其诉讼标的是共同的，或者诉讼标的是同一种类、人民法院认为可以合并审理并经当事人同意的，为共同诉讼。
共同诉讼的一方当事人对诉讼标的有共同权利义务的，其中一人的诉讼行为经其他共同诉讼人承认，对其他共同诉讼人发生效力;对诉讼标的没有共同权利义务的，其中一人的诉讼行为对其他共同诉讼人不发生效力。
Article 53 When one party or both parties consist of two or more persons and the subject matter of the action is the same or under the same category, the people’s court may adjudicate them together upon the consent of all the parties. Such adjudication is called joint litigation.
If a party of two or more persons of a joint litigation who have the common rights and obligations with respect to the subject matter of action and the act of any of them is recognized by the others of the party, such an act shall bind the rest of the party; if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the subject matter of action, any acts taken by any one of them shall not bind the rest of the party.
第五十四条 【代表人诉讼】当事人一方人数众多的共同诉讼，可以由当事人推选代表人进行诉讼。代表人的诉讼行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力，但代表人变更、放弃诉讼请求或者承认对方当事人的诉讼请求，进行和解，必须经被代表的当事人同意。
Article 54 A joint litigation in which one party has numerous litigants may be brought by the representatives elected by the litigants of the party. The act of litigation taken by these representatives shall bind all litigants of the party whom they represent. However, any substitution of representatives, relinquishing claims, acceptance of claims of the opposing party, or negotiating settlement shall be approved by the litigants of the party.
第五十五条 【集团诉讼】诉讼标的是同一种类、当事人一方人数众多在起诉时人数尚未确定的，人民法院可以发出公告，说明案件情况和诉讼请求，通知权利人在一定期间向人民法院登记。
向人民法院登记的权利人可以推选代表人进行诉讼;推选不出代表人的，人民法院可以与参加登记的权利人商定代表人。
代表人的诉讼行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力，但代表人变更、放弃诉讼请求或者承认对方当事人的诉讼请求，进行和解，必须经被代表的当事人同意。
人民法院作出的判决、裁定，对参加登记的全体权利人发生效力。未参加登记的权利人在诉讼时效期间提起诉讼的，适用该判决、裁定。
Article 55 Where the subject matters of an action is under the same category and one of the parties has numerous litigants but the exact number of the litigants is uncertain when the lawsuit is filed, the people’s court may issue a public notice to explain the nature of the case and the claims of the litigation and informing those interested persons who are entitled to the claim to register their rights with the people’s court within a fixed period of time.
Those who have registered their rights with the people’s court may elect representatives from among themselves to proceed with the litigation; if the election fails its purpose, such representatives may be determined by the people’s court through consultation with those who have registered their rights with the court.
The acts of litigation taken by these representatives shall bind all litigants of the party whom they represent. However, any substitution of representatives, relinquishing claims, acceptance of claims of the opposing party, or negotiating settlement shall be approved by the litigants of the party.
The judgments or written orders rendered by the people’s court shall bind all those interested persons who have registered their rights with the court. Such judgments or written orders shall apply to those who have not registered their rights but have instituted legal proceedings during the time of the statute of limitation.
第五十六条 【诉讼第三人】对当事人双方的诉讼标的，第三人认为有独立请求权的，有权提起诉讼。
对当事人双方的诉讼标的，第三人虽然没有独立请求权，但案件处理结果同他有法律上的利害关系的，可以申请参加诉讼，或者由人民法院通知他参加诉讼。人民法院判决承担民事责任的第三人，有当事人的诉讼权利义务。
Article 56 If a third party considers that he has the independent right to claim the subject matter of the action of both parties, he shall have the right to bring an action.
If a third party does not have the independent right to claim the subject matter of the action of both parties but the outcome of the case will affect his legal interest, it may file a request to join the litigation or the people’s court may notify him to join the litigation. If a people’s court holds a third party to bear a civil liability, such a third party shall have the litigation rights as a party to the litigation.
第二节 诉讼代理人
Section 2 Litigation Representatives
第五十七条 【法定代理人】无诉讼行为能力人由他的监护人作为法定代理人代为诉讼。法定代理人之间互相推诿代理责任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代为诉讼。
Article 57 For litigation-incompetent persons, their guardians shall be their legal representative in their litigations. If all legal representatives try to avoid their duties of representation, the people’s court may appoint one of them as the litigation represent.
第五十八条 【委托代理人】当事人、法定代理人可以委托一至二人作为诉讼代理人。
律师、当事人的近亲属、有关的社会团体或者所在单位推荐的人、经人民法院许可的其他公民，都可以被委托为诉讼代理人。
Article 58 Each party or legal representative may appoint one or two persons to act as his litigation representatives.
Lawyers, a party’s near relatives, persons recommended by relevant public organizations or the units to which a party belongs, or any other citizens approved by a people’s court may be entrusted as the party’s litigation representatives.
第五十九条 【授权委托书】委托他人代为诉讼，必须向人民法院提交由委托人签名或者盖章的授权委托书。
授权委托书必须记明委托事项和权限。诉讼代理人代为承认、放弃、变更诉讼请求，进行和解，提起反诉或者上诉，必须有委托人的特别授权。
侨居在国外的中华人民共和国公民从国外寄交或者托交的授权委托书，必须经中华人民共和国驻该国的使领馆证明;没有使领馆的，由与中华人民共和国有外交关系的第三国驻该国的使领馆证明，再转由中华人民共和国驻该第三国使领馆证明，或者由当地的爱国华侨团体证明。
Article 59 When a party entrusts a person to be his litigation representative, he shall submit a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal to the people’s court.
The power of attorney must specify the matters and authority scopes entrusted. A litigation representative must possess special authorization from his principal to be able to accept, relinquish, or modify the claim, to reach a settlement, or bring a counterclaim or an appeal.
When a citizen of the People’s Republic of China, who is residing abroad, mails or entrusts someone to deliver a power of attorney to China, he shall have the power of attorney certified by the Chinese embassy or consulate to that country. If there is no Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, he shall have the power of attorney certified by an embassy or a consulate of a third country, which has diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China and is stationed in the country, and then be transferred to the embassy or consulate of the People’s Republic of China stationed in that third state for verification; he may have the power of attorney certified by a local patriotic overseas Chinese organization.
第六十条 【代理权变更、解除】诉讼代理人的权限如果变更或者解除，当事人应当书面告知人民法院，并由人民法院通知对方当事人。
Article 60 A party who changes or revokes the authority of his litigation representative shall inform the people’s court in writing and the court shall notify the other party of the change or revocation.
第六十一条 【代理人权利】代理诉讼的律师和其他诉讼代理人有权调查收集证据，可以查阅本案有关材料。查阅本案有关材料的范围和办法由最高人民法院规定。
Article 61 Lawyers who serve as litigation representatives or other litigation representatives shall have the right to investigate and collect evidence, and may consult relevant materials to the case. The scopes and measures of consulting relevant materials to a case shall be regulated by the Supreme People’s Court.
第六十二条 【离婚诉讼代理】离婚案件有诉讼代理人的，本人除不能表达意志的以外，仍应出庭;确因特殊情况无法出庭的，必须向人民法院提交书面意见。
Article 62 For a divorce case in which a party has appointed a litigation representative, that party shall appear in court in person unless he is incapable of expressing his own opinion. A party who is truly unable to appear in court due to a special reason shall submit his opinion in writing to the people’s court.
第六章 证 据
Chapter 6 Evidence
第六十三条 【证据种类】证据有下列几种：
(一)书证;
(二)物证;
(三)视听资料;
(四)证人证言;
(五)当事人的陈述;
(六)鉴定结论;
(七)勘验笔录。
以上证据必须查证属实，才能作为认定事实的根据。
Article 63 Evidence shall be classified as follows:
(1)documentary evidence;
(2)physical evidence;
(3)audio and visual material;
(4)testimony of witnesses;
(5)statements of involving parties;
(6)conclusions of expert witnesses; and
(7)transcripts of inspection and examination.
Any of the above-mentioned evidence must be verified before it can be taken as a basis for finding a fact.
第六十四条 【举证责任】当事人对自己提出的主张，有责任提供证据。
当事人及其诉讼代理人因客观原因不能自行收集的证据，或者人民法院认为审理案件需要的证据，人民法院应当调查收集。
人民法院应当按照法定程序，全面地、客观地审查核实证据。
Article 64 A party shall have the responsibility to provide evidence in support of its own propositions.
For the evidence that cannot be obtained by any parties or their litigation representatives because of some realistic reasons or for the evidence that the people’s court considers necessary for adjudicating the case, the people’s court shall investigate and collect such evidence.
The people’s court shall, according to the procedure prescribed by law, collect and examine evidence comprehensively and objectively.
第六十五条 【查证责任】人民法院有权向有关单位和个人调查取证，有关单位和个人不得拒绝。
人民法院对有关单位和个人提出的证明文书，应当辨别真伪，审查确定其效力。
Article 65 The people’s court shall have the authority to obtain evidence from any relevant units or individuals, and such units or individuals may not refuse to provide evidence.
The people’s court shall verify and determine the validity of documentary evidence provided by relevant units or individuals.
第六十六条 【证据审查】证据应当在法庭上出示，并由当事人互相质证。对涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的证据应当保密，需要在法庭出示的，不得在公开开庭时出示。
Article 66 Evidence shall be presented in the court and cross-examined by parties, however, evidence that involves state secrets, trade secrets, or individual privacy shall not be presented in an open court session.
第六十七条 【公证证据】经过法定程序公证证明的法律行为、法律事实和文书，人民法院应当作为认定事实的根据。但有相反证据足以推翻公证证明的除外。
Article 67 The people’s court shall admit the legal acts, legal facts and documents that are notarized according to legal procedures as a basis for finding facts, except when there is contrary evidence that is sufficient to invalidate the notarization.
第六十八条 【书证物证】书证应当提交原件。物证应当提交原物。提交原件或者原物确有困难的，可以提交复制品、照片、副本、节录本。
提交外文书证，必须附有中文译本。
Article 68 Any document submitted as evidence shall be the original one. Physical evidence shall also be original. If it is truly difficult to present the original document or physical evidence, then duplications, photographs, copies, or extracts of the original evidence may be admitted.
If a document in a foreign language is submitted as evidence, a Chinese translation shall be appended.
第六十九条 【视听资料】人民法院对视听资料，应当辨别真伪，并结合本案的其他证据，审查确定能否作为认定事实的根据。
Article 69 The people’s court shall authenticate audio and visual materials and decide whether they can be admitted as a basis for finding the facts after examining them and comparing them with other evidence of the same case.
第七十条 【证人条件、义务】凡是知道案件情况的单位和个人，都有义务出庭作证。有关单位的负责人应当支持证人作证。证人确有困难不能出庭的，经人民法院许可，可以提交书面证言。
不能正确表达意志的人，不能作证。
Article 70 All units and individuals who have information about a case shall have the obligation to testify in court. The responsible persons of relevant units shall encourage the witnesses to give testimony. When it is truly too difficult for a witness to appear in court, he may, with the approval of the people’s court, submit a written testimony.
Any person who is incapable of expressing his opinion properly shall not testify.
第七十一条 【当事人陈述】人民法院对当事人的陈述，应当结合本案的其他证据，审查确定能否作为认定事实的根据。
当事人拒绝陈述的，不影响人民法院根据证据认定案件事实。
Article 71 The people’s court shall examine the statements of the parties in connection with other evidence of the case to decide whether such statements can be taken as a basis for finding the facts.
The refusal of a party to make a statement shall not prevent the people’s court from finding the facts of a case based on other evidence.
第七十二条 【鉴定结论】人民法院对专门性问题认为需要鉴定的，应当交由法定鉴定部门鉴定;没有法定鉴定部门的，由人民法院指定的鉴定部门鉴定。
鉴定部门及其指定的鉴定人有权了解进行鉴定所需要的案件材料，必要时可以询问当事人、证人。
鉴定部门和鉴定人应当提出书面鉴定结论，在鉴定书上签名或者盖章。鉴定人鉴定的，应当由鉴定人所在单位加盖印章，证明鉴定人身份。
Article 72 When a people’s court deems it necessary to make an evaluation of a specialized issue, it shall refer the issue to an authentication department authorized by law for the evaluation. In the absence of such department, the people’s court shall appoint an authentication department to make the evaluation.
The authentication department and the expert witness designated by the department shall have the right to consult the case materials necessary for the evaluation and direct inquiries to the parties and witnesses when circumstances require.
An authentication department and expert witness shall present its or his conclusion of the evaluation in writing and sign it or put his seal on it. With respect to an evaluation made by an expert witness, the unit to which the expert witness belongs shall certify his status by affixing its seal to the expert conclusion.
第七十三条 【勘验程序】勘验物证或者现场，勘验人必须出示人民法院的证件，并邀请当地基层组织或者当事人所在单位派人参加。当事人或者当事人的成年家属应当到场，拒不到场的，不影响勘验的进行。
有关单位和个人根据人民法院的通知，有义务保护现场，协助勘验工作。
勘验人应当将勘验情况和结果制作笔录，由勘验人、当事人和被邀参加人签名或者盖章。
Article 73 When inspecting or examining physical evidence on site, the inspector must show his credentials issued by a people’s court. He shall invite the local basic organization or the relevant unit to send personnel to participate in the inspection. The parties concerned or the adult members of their families shall be present; however, their refusal to appear on the scene shall not prevent the inspection from proceeding.
Upon notification by the people’s court, the relevant units and individuals shall have the obligation to preserve the site and provide assistance for the inspection.
The inspector and examiner shall prepare a written record for the circumstances and results of the inspection or examination. The inspector, examiner, the party concerned and the invited participants shall affix their signatures or seals to the record.
第七十四条 【证据保全】在证据可能灭失或者以后难以取得的情况下，诉讼参加人可以向人民法院申请保全证据，人民法院也可以主动采取保全措施。
Article 74 Under circumstances where there is a likely-hood that evidence may be destroyed, lost or too difficult to obtain later on, any litigation participants may apply to the people’s court for the preservation of the evidence. The people’s court may also take initiative to preserve such evidence.
第七章 期间、送达
Chapter 7 Time Periods and Service
第一节 期 间
Section 1 Time Periods
第七十五条 【期间种类和计算】期间包括法定期间和人民法院指定的期间。
期间以时、日、月、年计算。期间开始的时和日，不计算在期间内。
期间届满的最后一日是节假日的，以节假日后的第一日为期间届满的日期。
期间不包括在途时间，诉讼文书在期满前交邮的，不算过期。
Article 75 Time periods shall include those prescribed by law and those designated by a people’s court.
Time periods shall be computed by hour, day, month, and year. The hour and day from which a time period begins shall not be computed as within that time period.
If the expiration date of a time period falls on a holiday, the day immediately following the holiday shall be regarded as the expiration date.
A statutory time period shall not include the time spent in transmittal of documents. A litigation document that is mailed before a deadline shall not be regarded as overdue.
第七十六条 【期间耽误和顺延】当事人因不可抗拒的事由或者其他正当理由耽误期限的，在障碍消除后的十日内，可以申请顺延期限，是否准许，由人民法院决定。
Article 76 If a party fails to meet a deadline due to reasons beyond his control or other justifiable reasons, he may petition for an extension of the time limit within 10 days after the obstacle is removed. The requested extension shall be subject to approval by a people’s court.
第二节 送 达
Section 2 Service
第七十七条 【送达回证】送达诉讼文书必须有送达回证，由受送达人在送达回证上记明收到日期，签名或者盖章。
受送达人在送达回证上的签收日期为送达日期。
Article 77 A receipt shall be required for every litigation document that is served and it shall bear the signature or seal of the recipient of the service and the date of receipt.
The date of receipt as signed by the recipient of the service shall be regarded as the date the document is served.
第七十八条 【直接送达】送达诉讼文书，应当直接送交受送达人。受送达人是公民的，本人不在交他的同住成年家属签收;受送达人是法人或者其他组织的，应当由法人的法定代表人、其他组织的主要负责人或者该法人、组织负责收件的人签收;受送达人有诉讼代理人的，可以送交其代理人签收;受送达人已向人民法院指定代收人的，送交代收人签收。
受送达人的同住成年家属，法人或者其他组织的负责收件的人，诉讼代理人或者代收人在送达回证上签收的日期为送达日期。
Article 78 Litigation documents shall be served directly on the recipient of the service. If the recipient of the service is a citizen, the documents may, in the case of his absence, be served on an adult member of the recipient’s family who lives with him. If the recipient of the service is a legal person or any other organization, the document shall be served on the legal representatives of the legal person, the principal leading personnel of any other organization, the personnel of the legal person or any other organization in charge of receiving such documents; If the recipient of the service has a litigation representative, the documents may be served on the litigation representative. If the recipient of the service has designated an agent to receive his litigation documents and has informed the people’s court of it, the documents may be served on the agent.
The date of receipt as signed by the adult family member living with the recipient of service, or persons in charge of receiving documents of the legal persons or other organizations, or litigation representative, or agents designated to receive his documents shall be regarded as the date the document is served.
第七十九条 【留置送达】受送达人或者他的同住成年家属拒绝接收诉讼文书的，送达人应当邀请有关基层组织或者所在单位的代表到场，说明情况，在送达回证上记明拒收事由和日期，由送达人、见证人签名或者盖章，把诉讼文书留在受送达人的住所，即视为送达。
Article 79 If the recipient of a service or any of his adult family members living with him refuses to accept a legal document, the person serving the document shall ask the representatives of the relevant basic organization or unit to which the recipient of the service belongs to appear on the scene, explain the situation to them, and record the reasons of the refusal and the date on the receipt. After the person serving the document and the witnesses have affixed their signatures or seals on the receipt, the document may be left at the place where the recipient of the service stays and the service shall be considered completed.
第八十条 【委托及邮寄送达】直接送达诉讼文书有困难的，可以委托其他人民法院代为送达，或者邮寄送达。邮寄送达的，以回执上注明的收件日期为送达日期。
Article 80 If direct delivery service of a litigation document proves too difficult, such a service may be entrusted to the other people’s court, or it may be served by postal service. If a document is served by post, the date as stated on the receipt shall be regarded as the date the document is served.
第八十一条 【转交送达之一】受送达人是军人的，通过其所在部队团以上单位的政治机关转交。
Article 81 If the recipient of a service is in the military, the document shall be forwarded to him via the political organ at or above the regimen level in the unit to which the recipient belongs.
第八十二条 【转交送达之二】受送达人是被监禁的，通过其所在监所或者劳动改造单位转交。
受送达人是被劳动教养的，通过其所在劳动教养单位转交。
Article 82 If the recipient of the service is undergoing imprisonment, the document shall be forwarded to him via the prison or the unit of rehabilitation through labor where he is serving his sentence.
If the recipient of the service is undergoing reeducation through labor, the document shall be forwarded to him via the unit supervising his reeducation through labor.
第八十三条 【转交送达期间】代为转交的机关、单位收到诉讼文书后，必须立即交受送达人签收，以在送达回证上的签收日期，为送达日期。
Article 83 Any organization or unit that receives a litigation document to be forwarded must immediately deliver it to the recipient of the service for a receipt. The date as stated on the receipt shall be regarded as the date the document is served.
第八十四条 【公告送达】受送达人下落不明，或者用本节规定的其他方式无法送达的，公告送达。自发出公告之日起，经过六十日，即视为送达。
公告送达，应当在案卷中记明原因和经过。
Article 84 If the whereabouts of a recipient is unknown, or if a document cannot be served by the other methods prescribed in this section, the document shall be served by public announcement. Sixty days after the date of the public announcement, the document shall be deemed to have been served.
The reasons for service by public announcement and the procedures taken shall be recorded in the case files.
第八章 调 解
Chapter 8 Mediation
第八十五条 【调解的原则】人民法院审理民事案件，根据当事人自愿的原则，在事实清楚的基础上，分清是非，进行调解。
Article 85 In handling civil cases, the people’s court may distinguish between right and wrong and mediate disputes according to the principle of parties’ voluntariness and based on clear facts.
第八十六条 【调解组织形式】人民法院进行调解，可以由审判员一人主持，也可以由合议庭主持，并尽可能就地进行。
人民法院进行调解，可以用简便方式通知当事人、证人到庭。
Article 86 When a people’s court conducts mediation, a single judge or a collegial bench may preside in the mediation. Mediations shall be conducted locally whenever possible.
When a people’s court conducts mediation, it may employ simplified methods to notify the parties and witnesses to appear in court.
第八十七条 【协助调解】人民法院进行调解，可以邀请有关单位和个人协助。被邀请的单位和个人，应当协助人民法院进行调解。
Article 87 When a people’s court conducts mediation, it may request assistance from relevant units or individuals. The invited units or individuals shall assist the people’s court in mediation.
第八十八条 【调解协议】调解达成协议，必须双方自愿，不得强迫。调解协议的内容不得违反法律规定。
Article 88 A mediation agreement must be based on voluntariness of both parties, and shall not be reached through compulsion. The content of the mediation agreement may not contravene the law.
第八十九条 【调解书】调解达成协议，人民法院应当制作调解书。调解书应当写明诉讼请求、案件的事实和调解结果。
调解书由审判人员、书记员署名，加盖人民法院印章，送达双方当事人。
调解书经双方当事人签收后，即具有法律效力。
Article 89 When a mediation agreement is reached, the people’s court shall draw up a written mediation agreement. A mediation agreement shall clearly set forth the claims of the action, the facts about the case, and the result of the mediation.
The mediation statement shall be signed by the judge and the court clerk, sealed by the people’s court, and served on both parties.
Once the mediation agreement is signed and exchanged by both parties, it shall become legally binding.
第九十条 【不制作调解书】下列案件调解达成协议，人民法院可以不制作调解书：
(一)调解和好的离婚案件;
(二)调解维持收养关系的案件;
(三)能够即时履行的案件;
(四)其他不需要制作调解书的案件。
对不需要制作调解书的协议，应当记入笔录，由双方当事人、审判人员、书记员签名或者盖章后，即具有法律效力。
Article 90 The people’s court need not draw up a mediation agreement for the following cases when an agreement is reached through mediation:
(1)Divorce cases in which both parties have become reconciled after mediation;
(2)Adoption cases in which adoptive relationship has been retained through mediation;
(3)Cases in which the claims can be immediately satisfied; and
(4)Other cases that do not require mediation statements.
Any agreement that does not require a mediation agreement shall be entered into the transcript and become legally effective after the transcript is signed or sealed by both parties, the judge, and the court clerk.
第九十一条 【调解失败】调解未达成协议或者调解书送达前一方反悔的，人民法院应当及时判决。
Article 91If no agreement is reached through mediation or if one party retracts his reconciliation before the mediation agreement is served, the people’s court shall render a judgment without delay.
第九章 财产保全和先予执行
Chapter 9 Property Preservation and Advance Enforcement
第九十二条 【适用条件和程序】人民法院对于可能因当事人一方的行为或者其他原因，使判决不能执行或者难以执行的案件，可以根据对方当事人的申请，作出财产保全的裁定;当事人没有提出申请的，人民法院在必要时也可以裁定采取财产保全措施。
人民法院采取财产保全措施，可以责令申请人提供担保;申请人不提供担保的，驳回申请。
人民法院接受申请后，对情况紧急的，必须在四十八小时内作出裁定;裁定采取财产保全措施的，应当立即开始执行。
Article 92 If it becomes impossible or difficult to enforce a judgment because of the acts taken by one of the parties or for other reasons, the people’s court may, upon the request of the other party, make an order to preserve the property. In the absence of such requests, the people’s court may, when necessary, also order to adopt property preservation measures.
When a people’s court has decided to adopt property preservation, it may instruct the applicant to provide a surety; if the applicant fails to do so, his application may be rejected.
After receiving a party’s application, if the case is urgent, the people’s court must make an order regarding property preservation within 48 hours; if a people’s court makes an order for property preservation, it shall enforce the preservation immediately.
第九十三条 【诉前财产保全】利害关系人因情况紧急，不立即申请财产保全将会使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，可以在起诉前向人民法院申请采取财产保全措施。申请人应当提供担保，不提供担保的，驳回申请。
人民法院接受申请后，必须在四十八小时内作出裁定;裁定采取财产保全措施的，应当立即开始执行。
申请人在人民法院采取保全措施后十五日内不起诉的，人民法院应当解除财产保全。
Article 93 Any interested party whose lawful rights and interests, due to urgent circumstances, would suffer from un-remediable harms if he fails to petition for property preservation immediately, may, before filing the lawsuit, petition to the people’s court for the adoption of property preservation measures. The petitioner shall provide a surety; if the petitioner fails to do so, his petition may be rejected.
After receiving a party’s petition for property preservation, the people’s court shall make a ruling within 48 hours; if property preservation is granted by a ruling, the preservation thereof shall be enforced immediately.
If the petitioner fails to file a lawsuit within 15 days after the people’s court has adopted the preservation measures, the people’s court shall cancel the property preservation.
第九十四条 【请求范围及措施】财产保全限于请求的范围，或者与本案有关的财物。
财产保全采取查封、扣押、冻结或者法律规定的其他方法。
人民法院冻结财产后，应当立即通知被冻结财产的人。
财产已被查封、冻结的，不得重复查封、冻结。
Article 94 Property preservation shall be limited to the scope of the claim or to the property related to the case.
The measures of property preservation may include seizure, detain, freeze, or other methods as prescribed by law.
When a people’s court freezes a property, it shall notify the person whose property is frozen.
Those properties that have already been seized, detained, or frozen shall not be seized or frozen again.
第九十五条 【保全解除】被申请人提供担保的，人民法院应当解除财产保全。
Article 95 If the defending party whose property is preserved provides a security, the people’s court shall cancel the property preservation.
第九十六条 【保全错误补救】申请有错误的，申请人应当赔偿被申请人因财产保全所遭受的损失。
Article 96 Where a petition is wrongfully made, the petitioner shall compensate the defending party for any loss incurred from the property preservation.
第九十七条 【先予执行范围】人民法院对下列案件，根据当事人的申请，可以裁定先予执行：
(一)追索赡养费、扶养费、抚育费、抚恤金、医疗费用的;
(二)追索劳动报酬的;
(三)因情况紧急需要先予执行的。
Article 97 The people’s court may, at the request of a party, order the measures for the following cases to be enforced in advance:
(1)Cases involving claims of alimonies, supports for children or elders, pension for the disabled or the family of a decedent, or expenses for medical care;
(2)Cases involving claims of wages; and
(3)Cases involving urgent circumstances that require enforcement in advance.
第九十八条 【先予执行条件】人民法院裁定先予执行的，应当符合下列条件：
(一)当事人之间权利义务关系明确，不先予执行将严重影响申请人的生活或者生产经营的;
(二)被申请人有履行能力。
人民法院可以责令申请人提供担保，申请人不提供担保的，驳回申请。申请人败诉的，应当赔偿被申请人因先予执行遭受的财产损失。
Article 98 The people’s court shall make sure the following conditions are met before making a ruling to enforce the property preservation in advance:
(1)The relationship of rights and obligations between the parties is definite, and the refusal of advance enforcement would seriously affect the life or business operation of petitioners; and
(2)The defending party whose property would be preserved is capable of fulfilling the obligations involved in the advance enforcement.
The people’s court may order the petitioners to provide sureties; if a petitioner fails to do so, his petition may be rejected. If the petitioner loses the lawsuit, he shall compensate the defending party whose property was preserved for any loss incurred from the advance enforcement.
第九十九条 【复议】当事人对财产保全或者先予执行的裁定不服的，可以申请复议一次。复议期间不停止裁定的执行。
Article 99 If a party is not satisfied with an order on property preservation or advance enforcement, he may petition for reconsideration that can be granted only once. However, the enforcement of the order shall not be suspended during the time of reconsideration.
第十章 对妨害民事诉讼的强制措施
Chapter 10 Compulsory Measures against Obstruction of Civil Actions
第一百条 【拘传适用】人民法院对必须到庭的被告，经两次传票传唤，无正当理由拒不到庭的，可以拘传。
Article 100 If a defendant who is required to appear in court has been served twice with subpoena but still refuses to appear in court without legitimate reason, the people’s court may summon him to court by force.
第一百零一条 【强制措施之一】诉讼参与人和其他人应当遵守法庭规则。
人民法院对违反法庭规则的人，可以予以训诫，责令退出法庭或者予以罚款、拘留。
人民法院对哄闹、冲击法庭，侮辱、诽谤、威胁、殴打审判人员，严重扰乱法庭秩序的人，依法追究刑事责任;情节较轻的，予以罚款、拘留。
Article 101 All litigation participants and other persons shall abide by the court rules.
For those persons who violate the court rules, the people’s courts may reprimand them, evict them from the courts, or impose a fine or detention on them.
For those persons who create uproars, disturb courtrooms, insult, slander, threat, or assault adjudicating personnel, or seriously disrupt the order of courtrooms, the people’s court shall investigate them for criminal liabilities according to law; if the circumstances are minor, a fine or detention may be imposed on the offender.
第一百零二条 【强制措施之二】诉讼参与人或者其他人有下列行为之一的，人民法院可以根据情节轻重予以罚款、拘留;构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：
(一)伪造、毁灭重要证据，妨碍人民法院审理案件的;
(二)以暴力、威胁、贿买方法阻止证人作证或者指使、贿买、胁迫他人作伪证的;
(三)隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损已被查封、扣押的财产，或者已被清点并责令其保管的财产，转移已被冻结的财产的;
(四)对司法工作人员、诉讼参加人、证人、 人员、鉴定人、勘验人、协助执行的人，进行侮辱、诽谤、诬陷、殴打或者打击报复的;
(五)以暴力、威胁或者其他方法阻碍司法工作人员执行职务的;
(六)拒不履行人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定的。
人民法院对有前款规定的行为之一的单位，可以对其主要负责人或者直接责任人员予以罚款、拘留;构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
Article 102 Where any litigation participants or any other persons commit any of the following acts, the people’s courts shall impose a fine or detention on them based on the circumstances; if a crime is committed, the people’s court shall investigate them for criminal liabilities according to law.
(1)Forging or destroying significant evidence, which would obstruct the a people’s court’s adjudication of a case;
(2)Using violence, threats, or bribery to hinder a witness from giving testimony, or instigating, bribing, or coercing others to commit perjury;
(3)Concealing, transferring, selling, or destroying any properties that have been seized or detained, or any properties that have been inventoried and ordered by a court under the offenders’ custody, or transferring the property that has been frozen;
(4)Insulting, slandering, incriminating with false charges, beating up, or retaliating adjudicating personnel, litigation participants, witnesses, interpreters, experts witnesses, inspectors, or personnel assisting in enforcement; or
(5)Using violence, threats, or other means to hinder adjudicating personnel from performing their duties; or
(6)Refusing to comply with legally effective judgments or orders rendered by a people’s court.
Where a unit commits any of the following acts stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the people’s courts may impose a fine or detention on the principal leading personnel of the unit or the person directly responsible; if a crime is committed, the people’s court shall investigate them for criminal liabilities according to law.
第一百零三条 【强制措施之三】有义务协助调查、执行的单位有下列行为之一的，人民法院除责令其履行协助义务外，并可以予以罚款：
(一)有关单位拒绝或者妨碍人民法院调查取证的;
(二)银行、信用合作社和其他有储蓄业务的单位接到人民法院协助执行通知书后，拒不协助查询、冻结或者划拨存款的;
(三)有关单位接到人民法院协助执行通知书后，拒不协助扣留被执行人的收入、办理有关财产权证照转移手续、转交有关票证、证照或者其他财产的;
(四)其他拒绝协助执行的。
人民法院对有前款规定的行为之一的单位，可以对其主要负责人或者直接责任人员予以罚款;对仍不履行协助义务的，可以予以拘留;并可以向监察机关或者有关机关提出予以纪律处分的司法建议。
Article 103 If a unit that has an obligation to assist in judicial investigation or enforcement commits any of the following acts, the people’s court may order the unit to perform its obligation but also impose a fine on the unit:
(1)Refusing or obstructing a people’s court from investigation or collecting evidence;
(2)Where the unit is a bank, credit union, or other institution engaging in saving deposit business, refusing to assist in inquiring, freezing, or transferring funds after receiving a notification from the people’s court for enforcement assistance;
(3)After receiving a notification on assistance in enforcement from the people’s court, refusing to assist in withholding the income of a defending party whom is ordered to pay or handling the transfer of property titles, relevant negotiable instruments, certificates and licenses, or other properties; or
(4)Refusing to provide other assistance in enforcement order by court.
With respect to a unit that commits any of the acts specified in the preceding paragraph, the people’s court may impose a fine on the principal leading personnel of the unit or the person directly responsible; and may detain them if they still fail to perform the obligation to provide assistance; and may also make judicial suggestions to the supervisory organ or other relevant organs on imposing a disciplinary sanction on the unit.
第一百零四条 【罚款、拘留适用】对个人的罚款金额，为人民币一万元以下。对单位的罚款金额，为人民币一万元以上三十万元以下。
拘留的期限，为十五日以下。
被拘留的人，由人民法院交公安机关看管。在拘留期间，被拘留人承认并改正错误的，人民法院可以决定提前解除拘留。
Article 104 A fine on an individual shall be not more than Renminbi 10, 000 Yuan. A fine on a unit shall be not less than Renminbi 10,000 Yuan and not more than Renminbi 300,000 Yuan.
A detention period shall not be longer than fifteen days.
The people’s court shall deliver detainees to a public security organ for custody. The people’s court may decide to grant the detainee an early release if he admits and is willing to correct his wrongdoing.
第一百零五条 【强制措施程序】拘传、罚款、拘留必须经院长批准。
拘传应当发拘传票。
罚款、拘留应当用决定书。对决定不服的，可以向上一级人民法院申请复议一次。复议期间不停止执行。
Article 105 Any summons by force, fines, or detentions shall be approved by the president of a people’s court.
A warrant shall be issued before carrying out a summon by force.
The rulings of fines and detentions shall be issued in written letter form. If a party does not agree with a decision, he may apply to a people’s court at a higher level for reconsideration and the reconsideration can be granted only once. However, the enforcement of the decision shall not be suspended during the time of reconsideration.
第一百零六条 【强制措施决定权】采取对妨害民事诉讼的强制措施必须由人民法院决定。任何单位和个人采取非法拘禁他人或者非法私自扣押他人财产追索债务的，应当依法追究刑事责任，或者予以拘留、罚款。
Article 106 Any decision on the adoption of compulsory measures against obstruction of civil actions shall be made by the people’s court. Any unit or individual pressing a debt payment by unlawfully detaining a person or illegally seizing other people’s property shall be investigated for criminal liabilities according to law or may be punished by detention or fine.
第十一章 诉讼费用
Chapter 11 Litigation Expenses
第一百零七条 【诉讼费用的交纳】当事人进行民事诉讼，应当按照规定交纳案件受理费。财产案件除交纳案件受理费外，并按照规定交纳其他诉讼费用。
当事人交纳诉讼费用确有困难的，可以按照规定向人民法院申请缓交、减交或者免交。
收取诉讼费用的办法另行制定。
Article 107 Any party filing a civil lawsuit shall pay a case handling fee according to relevant regulations. For cases involving property, the party shall pay other litigation expenses, in addition to case handling fee.
Parties who truly have difficulties to pay litigation expenses may, according to relevant regulations, petition the people’s court to postpone, reduce, or wave the payment.
Procedures for the payment of litigation expenses shall be formulated separately.
