礼仪:comity,aminity,convenance,decorum,ettiquette,
proprieties,protocol,savoir-vivre
外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
礼宾司Protocol Department
中国外交部礼仪司:The Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China
中华人民共和国外交部礼宾司向英国驻华大使馆致意,译为:The Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China presents its compliments to the Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in China
外交部办公厅 Direction generale du Minstere des Affaires etrangeres
外交代表机构diplomatic mission
diplomat 外交家, 外交官
diplomatic rank 外交官衔
diplomatic representative 外交代表
the comity of nations [states]国际礼让(指互相尊重对方法律、风俗等)
外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs
礼仪ritual girl
diplomatic etiquette外交礼节
professional etiquette同行间的礼仪, 行规
medical etiquette医务界成规
a breach of etiquette失礼行为
the Protocol法国外交部的礼宾司
礼仪产生的原因分析
人的最基本礼仪体现在肢体语、口语、和表情语上。从这三方面做起的。肢体语就是点头、欠身、脱帽等方面的行礼,口语是语言上的文明、优雅、不伤和气等方面的修辞描述,表情语是微笑、眨眼、吐舌头等方面的效应。
涉外礼仪中以右为尊对吗
社稷及社稷礼的产生
社稷祭祀礼是我国古代“五礼”之一的“吉礼”中的一项重要礼仪制度。主要内容是对天神、地只、人鬼的祭祀典礼。吉训为福,即事神求福之意也。“凡治人之道,莫急于礼。礼有五经,莫重于祭”。[1]可见古人把祭祀活动看做是国家礼典中最重要的事。吉礼的主要内容是:“以禋祀祀昊天上帝,以实柴祀日月星辰,以槱燎祀司中、司命、风师、雨师。以血祭祭社稷、五祀、五岳。以□沉祭山林川泽,以槱辜祭四方百物。以肆献裸享先王,以馈食享先王,以祠春享先王,以□夏享先王,以尝秋享先王,以烝冬享先王。”[2]由此为准则,中国古代的祭祀礼典一般按照周礼而因循不改,把它大体上分为十二个类别,归属于天神、地只、人鬼三大门。天神门祭礼分三类:第一叫禋祀,祭祀昊天上帝;第二叫实柴,祭祀日月星辰;第三叫槱燎,祭祀司中、司命、风师、雨师等星神。地只门的祭祀亦为三类:第一是用血祭社稷、五岳;第二是用□沉祭山林川泽;第三是用□辜祭四方百物。人鬼门则分为六类,它们是以祭祀祖宗的主的袷、禘、祠、□、尝、烝等六种敬祖悼亡的典礼。
社稷祭祀礼属于地只门,可视为祭地礼之一。远古时代,在对天崇拜的同时,也有了对土地的崇拜。大地主生长,养育了万物,如慈母一般,故自古就有了“父天而母地”的说法,对地的尊敬仅次于上天。按照中国传统思想认识,天和地是一阳一阴,一上一下,一覆一载,一乾一坤,两者相交,构成了整个世界,它们是人类的父母,是万物的本源或创造者。所以,在祭祀活动中,对天神和地只的特殊重视,就不难理解了。祭地,主要是指帝王的方丘正祭和后土告祭。大地之神叫地只,远古时代对大地的祭祀叫“宜”。方丘祭地是《周礼》中的大型祭典之一,在对地只进行祭祀的同时,当然也有许多大大小小的与地只有关的地神也要陪祭,正如圜丘祀天也要陪祀众多天神星官一样。其中社稷就是较早作为祭地大典的陪祭神之一,在地只类众祭祀对象中占有特别重要的地位。
对社稷神的崇拜,是原始社会自然崇拜对土地、谷物崇拜的发展,认为大地生长草木万物,养育了人类,因而,社稷神被视为具有无穷生命力的神灵。先秦时期,社稷的地位很高,《周礼·春官·小宗伯》曰:“建国之神位,右社稷,左宗庙。”建国以宗庙社稷为先,于是“社稷”一词也成为国家的代称。许多文献都记载商汤时有二十四种祭祀,其中就有“祀弃为稷”的祭祀。《尚书·泰誓》则记述周武王“行宜社之礼”,要祭“冢土”,即祭祀土地之神——社神。周公相成王,摄政七年,在新邑建立社稷之坛,将社、稷合祭一处。根据《周礼·地官·大司徒》所载:“设其社稷之而树之田主。”首次明确地为社稷设立坛、墙和神位。“社祭土而立阴气也,君南向于北墉下,答阴之义地。日用甲,用日之始也。”社稷祭祀在周代已有较完整的典礼仪节,包括了场所、日期、主祭者、设施、神位等等具体的规定。“社,所以神地之道也。地载万物,天垂象。取财于地,取法于天,是以尊天而亲地也,故教民美报焉。家主中,而国主社,示本也……所以报本反始也。”对神稷的尊崇和祭祀,表示了人类对土地和百谷的报答之情,体现出古代靠天吃饭的时代祭祀活动中务实的内容。
至于社与方丘的区别,我们认为社稷礼其实是祭地礼的变形,是对抽象的“地”的补充方式和形象化的表现。在方丘所祭的“地”是与“天”相对的抽象的大地;而“社稷”则是大地中属于邦国故乡的土地,所谓“邦国乡原之土神也。”另外,“社”的含义不是广泛意义的大地,而是可以生长和种植百物的农业土地,赋予了较特殊的“农业之神”的涵义。正因为社的这层特殊涵义,它才于“稷”(谷物的代称)合而称之曰:“社稷”。故社稷礼的本质在于“教民美报焉”,即是为了教育人民怀着感恩的心情去报答土地和谷物的养育之恩。
社稷祭祀礼仪制度的历史变化
社稷祭祀的礼仪制度,秦汉前后变化较大。夏社祭共工氏之子句龙,殷、周因之;夏祭烈山氏之子柱,殷改祭后稷,周因之。自汉立大社大稷,又立官社官稷,其制渐杂,在此作一陈述。
西汉尚未建立时,刘邦就曾在家乡附近的丰县,祷祝枌榆,以此树为社神,遂名之“枌榆社”。西汉建立后,汉高祖即于第二年立汉社稷,除秦社稷,“因令县为公社”。这种公社是官社的性质,为此还下诏曰:“吾其重祠而敬祭。今上帝之祭及山川诸神当祠,各以其时礼祠之如故。”[3]“后四年,天下已定,诏御史讼丰治枌榆社,常以时,春以羊彘祠之……其后二岁,或言曰周兴而邑立后稷之祠,至今血食天下。于是高祖制诏御史:其令天下立灵星祠,常以岁时祠以牛。”
东汉建立后,刘秀于次年即在洛阳建社稷,号称“太社稷”,在宗庙之右,无屋,有墙门而已。每年的二月、八月、腊月共三次祠祀,且均以太牢供享。到了三国时的曹魏以后,每年常祭的只有太社稷和官社,即“二社一稷”。太社和帝社(即古之王社)也分开了。“前汉但置官社而无官稷,王莽置官稷,后复省。故汉至魏但太社有稷,而官社无稷,故常二社一稷也。普初仍魏,无所增损。”太社的祝辞通常是:“地德普施,惠存无疆。乃建太社,保佑万邦,悠悠四海,咸赖嘉祥。”帝社的祝辞则是“坤德厚载,邦畿是保。乃建帝社,以神地道。明祀惟辰,景福来造。”三国时的曹魏、东吴以及西晋、东晋、刘宋等朝,均遵此制,无所改作。“《礼》,左宗庙,右社稷。历代遵之,故洛京社稷在庙之右,而江左又然也。吴时宫东门雩门,疑吴社亦在宫东,与其庙同所也。宋仍旧,无所改作”。[3]
南北朝时,帝王们认为:“凡人非土不生,非谷不食,土谷不可遍祭,故立社稷以主祀。”这个时期帝王祭祀社稷,普遍是在太庙之西设立太社、帝社、太稷三坛,各坛四周的门、墙、各按其方位的颜色涂饰(即东青、南赤、西白、北黑)。坛的色彩为黄,象征土、谷。全国所有的郡、王国、县也要兴建社稷祠和先农祠,县以下还要兼祭灵星、风伯、雨师之类的神。民间的社是每二十五家共立一个。五岳所在的郡县还要再祀五岳神。祭祀时间为每年的仲春和仲秋,共二次。太社和帝社的祭祀要用牺牲荐享,当时规定由太常丞牵牲、太常省牲、太祝令赞牲的“牺牲”制度。供祭的食物为“六饭”:以敦装饭,以牟装稻,以簠装黄粱,以簋装白粱,以瑚装黍,以琏装粢。每年二月八日是较大的祭典,陪祭的还有老人星、天皇大帝、太一、日月、五星、钩陈、北极、北斗、三台、二十八宿、大人星、子孙星等四十六座天神。凡参加祭礼的官员,都要到太医官那里领一种除驱秽气的药散,在斋戒之前饮服,以求自洁。其后又增设官社和官稷二坛,与前三坛共为五坛。皇帝亲祭社稷时,规格又高出许多,由司农卿省牲、进熟,司空负责亚献,司农负责终献。至隋代,把社稷坛并列在含光门内的左侧,每年仲春和仲秋的戊日,各以太牢礼祭之。至孟冬的亥日,再举行一次腊祭。各州、郡、县,则于仲春、仲秋两祭,祭用少牢礼。百姓的社祭亦同时举办。
唐初之制,仲春、仲秋二时戊日祭大社大稷,社以勾龙配,稷以后稷配。社、稷之坛承隋之制,仍立于含光门内之右。社、稷各用太牢一,牲以黑色,笾豆簋簠各二,铏俎各三。季冬蜡之明日,又祭社稷于社宫,如春秋二仲月之礼。中宗神龙元年(705年)“改先农坛为帝社坛,于太坛西立帝社坛,礼同太社,太稷,其坛不备方色,异于太社。”后据韦夏叔与祝钦明之议,又立帝稷坛于帝社坛之西。于是唐代至此太社、太稷、帝社、帝稷四坛齐备。据《开元礼》所定的“皇帝仲春仲秋上戊祭太社太稷仪”,包括了斋戒、陈设、銮驾出宫、奠玉帛、进熟和献舞乐、赐胙饮福、瘗燔、銮驾还宫等礼仪程序和规范。这时的社稷祭祀已沦为中祀的档次,表明社稷神的地位开始下降。唐代的社稷坛广五丈,以五色土为之。社主用石,高五尺,方二尺,“剡其上,以象物生;方其下,以象地理。体埋其半,以根在土中,而本末均也”。
宋代社稷的祭祀虽再度受到重视,但仍然没有南北朝以前那样受尊崇。尽管社稷礼被列入大祀项目之中,但宋王朝的大祀名目多达三十项,可见其对社稷祭祀的礼仪之重视并不比唐代提高多少,其仪节程序亦基本上承袭唐制。
元代的太社太稷的祭祀大体沿袭唐宋。坛址在京城和义门南,占地40亩,围上垣,于园中稍南筑坛二,东为太社坛,西为太稷坛,二坛相距5丈远。两坛均为长、高、宽17米的方丘。社坛之土亦颇讲究:坛东为青土,坛南为赤土,坛西为白土,坛北为黑土,中间填以普通杂土,再于其上及左右四周用黄土覆盖。最后用五色泥涂抹一次,色与方位相应。坛四面居中有1丈宽的陛道。稷坛的制度与社坛一样,惟所填之土不用五色,而是清一色的黄壤。两坛正面朝北,在北面设有皇帝行礼的“北墉”,乃一砖制建筑,面上亦涂以黄泥。于西北处有瘗坎(埋牺牲祭物的土坑)二。垣□四周还有一些附属屋宇。北面有望祀堂、齐班厅、献官幕、院官斋所、祠察局、仪鸾库、法物库、都监库、雅乐库、百官厨等机构,南边有太乐署、乐土坊、馔幕殿、馔幕、神厨、酒库、牺牲房。另外还有十几间执事斋郎房和监祭执事房。社主用白石制成,长16米,宽60厘米,半埋坛土之中。稷坛无主。神位版用栗木制成,木为原色,上书黑字。在二坛之南还各栽一棵松树,作为“社树”。用的祝版共四个,均长80厘米、宽40厘米、厚3厘米,用于太社、太稷和配位的后土神、后稷神。
明代,先是分祭社、稷二坛,至洪武十年(1377年)改建社稷坛于午门外之右,定太社太稷合祭之礼。埋石主于社稷坛之正中,微露其尖,用木神牌丹漆之,祭时设于坛上,祭毕贮库。坛设太社神牌居东,太稷神牌居西,俱北向,奉仁祖神牌配享,西向,而罢勾龙、后稷之配。自奠帛至终献,皆同时行礼。社稷礼遂升为上祀(即大祀)。明成祖迁都北京,永乐十九年(1421年)“北京社稷坛成,位置,陈设悉如南京旧制”。[4]明永乐间直至清代,社稷坛位置不变,在紫禁城端门之右(今北京市中山公园内)。保存至今的社稷坛是一座用汉白玉砌成的三层方台,台上按东南西北中五个方位铺以青红白黑黄五色之土,中央立一方形石柱,即“社主石”,亦称“江山石”。每岁春秋二季仲月上戊日举行祭祀,由皇帝亲祭土地神和五谷神。遇雨则于北面的拜殿行礼。地方府、州、县仍保留社稷,二、八月时由地方官主祭。明清两代,还规定了五色土的出产进贡地区:直隶、河南两省进黄土,浙江、福建、广东、广西四省进红土,江西、湖广、陕西三省进白土,山东进青土,北平进黑土。全国共三百余府县,各负责收集所在方位颜色的土一百斛,土必须从名山高爽处采取。
社稷之礼的设计,虽然与祈谷祀天,方丘祭地有所重复,里社的活动又仿佛乡饮酒礼,因此在历史上引起礼官和学者不少的争议。终因先秦以来社稷即江山,江山即天下的观念深入人心,特别是君王有为社稷以死殉的义务和责任,所以历代统治者都不敢于此礼稍有懈怠,按“国之所重,莫先于宗庙社稷”的古训,立国先立社稷,按时祭祀,确实把社稷看做国家的象征,礼敬有加,尊崇不已,成为中国礼仪文化史中有着深刻社会影响的制度和风习,值得我们去进一步的挖掘和探讨。
中国,素以“文明古国”、“礼仪之邦”著称于世。在其五千年的历史演变过程中,礼强烈地影响和制约着中国人的思想言论和行动。重礼仪、守礼法、行礼教、讲礼信、遵礼义已内化为一种民众的自觉意识而穿于其心理与行为活动之中,成为中华民族的文化特征及基本表征。孔子的“非礼勿视、非礼勿听、非礼勿言、非礼勿动”、著名思想家颜元的“国尚礼则国昌、家尚礼则家大、身尚礼则身亡”等都充分反映了礼与中国历史、中国文化的相伴而生、相伴而长。
礼之产生,可以溯到远古时代。首先它是人类协调主客观矛盾的需要。自然的人伦秩序是礼产生的最原始动力,人们为生存和发展相互依赖,逐步积累和自然约定出一系列“人伦秩序”,这是最初的礼,后又有“圣贤之人”如黄帝、尧、舜、禹等为“止欲制乱”而制礼,身体力行为民众做榜样,从而使礼在“维稳制乱”中发挥了作用,也正因如此,人们更加遵礼尚礼。其次,礼起源于原始的宗教祀活动。远古时代社会生产力水平低下,人们认识自然的能力低下,无法解释和征服自然现象与自然力,于是人们把关于人的灵魂观念扩大到他们所接触的自然界万物,从而产生了“万物有灵”的观念,开始用原始宗教仪式等手段来影响神灵,如祭祀、崇拜、祈祷等,期望以虔诚感化和影响自然神灵,以使其多赐福少降灾,原始的“礼”便产生了。
结合文化和礼之起源,礼可以从以下几个方面概括:
(一)礼之本意为敬神,后引申为表示敬意所应具有的态度,即礼首先是一种发自内心的对人对己的尊重和敬意时的态度。
(二)礼是一系列动作,是使内在敬意的态度外在表现化的动作。即通过一定的动作表达自己内心对人对己的尊重和敬意。
(三)礼是一种程式或仪式。通过多样性的仪式,表现出行礼人对人对己的敬意、爱戴和重视。
(四) 礼还是用来表示庆贺或敬意的物品。
一、礼仪的源起与其人文意义
中国俗称礼仪之邦,自古重视礼仪文化建设。“礼”最早的起源与祭神有关。《礼记•标题疏》中说:“礼事起于燧皇,礼名起于黄帝” 。 许慎在《说文解字》中说: “礼,履也,所以事神致福也” 。礼最初是原始社会祭神祈福、祖先崇拜的一种祭祀仪式,具有强烈的神秘感与敬畏感。庄严的祭祀仪式使氏族部落成员深刻感受到个人意志必须服从全体意志,个人与氏族部落密不可分,个人对氏族部落必须绝对忠诚与服从,从而以强大的精神威慑力与统摄感,实现对全体成员的普遍强制性。同时,祭祀仪式又融入了原初的是非善恶、长幼尊卑等社会道德价值与伦理关系,一开始就与伦理道德浑然一体,对社会生活自身具有整合规范功能,这在后来“神道设教”的礼乐制度中得以不断巩固强化。
据《周易》的观卦彖辞:“中正以观天下。观盥而不荐,有孚若,下观而化也。观天之神道,而四时不忒。圣人以神道设教,而天下服矣。”这里的“盥”就是敬酒灌地以降神的仪式,祭礼以此为盛。按照彖辞作者对观卦的理解,百姓看到国王在宗庙祭祀中举行盥的隆重典礼,从而对神道产生敬信。宗庙祭祀符合天之神道,就如同四季循环等自然秩序。圣人制立敬天祭祖的礼仪,将天之神道彰显出来,意义在于实现人道教化,使天下百姓服膺之,维持有序的统治。这是一种以祭祀典礼方式将礼仪规范与民间礼俗跟个体信仰加以连接。荀子认为“神道设教”虽有祭祀鬼神之事,但却非以鬼神信仰为核心,祭祀在于表达思慕之情,忠信爱敬之意,故而将祭祀理解为“人道”,人道即祭祀鬼神活动的人文意义之所在。司马迁说:“余至大行礼官,观三代损益,乃知缘人情而制礼,依人性而作仪,其所由来尚矣”。“礼者,人道之极也”,神道始终没有脱离人道,反以人文精神作为本质内涵。因而,“神道设教”不仅有着天道的底蕴,更有人道的实际关怀,是人文精神的提升与外显,是统合天道、神道与人道的礼仪文化的整体建构。仪式是以道化俗的途径。所谓人文化成,在中国历史上,是通过以祭祀为主的礼仪制度去实现的。这正是“神道设教”所具有的内在生命力之所在,也是精神信仰、礼仪文化在中国历史上始终具有强大内化力与统合力的根本原因。精神信仰以浑然于风俗民情的礼乐制度为载体,而“礼崩乐坏”之后,精神信仰也就“梦游魂离”,这就是形式背后的人文内涵。中国古代的种种宗教信仰,实际上都是以深厚的礼仪文化为背景的,是礼仪文化整体中的有机部分,脱离了礼仪文化之主体,宗教信仰的本质意义便无处着落,伦为空洞无物的迷信鬼神
二、中国传统礼仪文化之主旨
礼的精神内核是人伦关系、伦理价值,礼是人与人间秩序的建立。礼源于生活,首先表现为一种生活仪式,最后上升到伦理道德高度。古代家礼包含许多日常生活中子女的衣、食、居、行、立、坐等各种生活行为和习惯,都有一套礼节规范,不能随意而行。《周礼•师氏》中记载,当时的国学教国子以“三德”和“三行”。“三德”,即至德、敏德、孝德。“三行”,即“一曰孝行,以亲父母;二曰友行,以尊贤良;三日顺行,以事师长”。乡学中则实行父子、兄弟、夫妇、君臣、长幼、朋友、宾客等七项人伦之教。孔子说:“不学礼,无以立。”把守礼行礼作为个人立身之本。“礼”主要是关于个人修身养性之道德, 强调内圣、内省和自律。孔子曰:克己功夫是非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动,制之于外,以安其内,克己复礼,久而诚矣。视听言动是乃人之具体行为,使之约制于礼教之中,逐步内化,久而成性。通过不断加强道德修养,行为处处符合礼,彬彬有礼,温文尔雅,才具有“君子”的风度。礼仪的本质是指导个人通过不断的修身,反省、自律来实现内圣外王的道德理想人格。
孔子是中国礼仪文化的奠基人,认为“礼”之基础是“亲子之爱”,“仁”之核心是“爱人”。将“礼”的自然情感基础与“仁”的精神内核作了沟通,使社会规范的外在性与道德主体的内在性相接轨,使礼制的强制性与道德的自觉性有了转化的可能。“礼”是“仁”的外化,即“仁”的具体化和政治化。礼要求节欲存理,控制本能欲望。礼是具体的行为规范,表现为一整套制度仪式,有其独具的文化特色。而统摄这一文化体系的核心则是“仁”之精神。《左传 • 昭公十二年》引仲尼曰:“古也有志,克己复礼,仁也。”礼与仁都是讲人际的关系,礼用以建立人与人间的秩序,仁则寻求人与人间的和谐。从自己做起,立己、克己,方能达到仁的层次。
中国礼仪文化还强调礼乐互补。所谓礼乐,并非仅指具体的礼仪典章,更指履行道德与对这一履行的爱好与情趣。因为没有情感的参与,道德的内化是难以完成的。先秦时期学校教育就开设 “六艺”(礼、乐、射、御、书、数)课程,以礼、乐为先,实行所谓“乐所以修内,礼所以修外”’的策略。《韦氏词典》将礼貌定义为“表现于行为中的道德”。正如《乐记》所言:礼是天地之序,乐是天地之和。礼是人与人间秩序的建立,乐是象征人与人间来往的和谐。《汉书 • 艺文志》言及:“孔子曰:安上治民,莫善于礼;移风易俗于乐,两者相与并行。”把礼与乐联结起来,治理社会。
三、仪式的精神内核是社会秩序
(一)仪式是“礼”的操作化
社会学家认为,仪式行为是社会秩序的展演,是社会通过对自身的反省建构人文关系的手段,对社会结构的巩固有着不可缺少的作用。人类学家白朗(Alfred Radcliff-Brown)通过对原始部落的观察表明,宗教仪式具有维系社会团结的功能,并使之代代相传。如果将宗教定义为一种信仰和实践体系,那么,仪式是宗教活动的最主要层面,宗教需要借助仪式产生超自然力的控制力量。仪式表达了人们所依存的某种人之外的神圣力量,这种东西通常就是“精神或道德的力量”。中国自古注重通过各种仪式活动达到良好的道德教化功效。任何仪式都有着共同的社会心理功能,使人产生超脱感、安宁感、安慰感、亲切感等,“它为人们超脱艰难的世俗生活以达到(只要顷刻)精神的自我境界提供了途径。”[1](同时,仪式活动也是增强一个群体的社会关系的重要手段,“它巩固了群体的规范,给个人的行为提供了道德制裁,为共同体平衡所依赖的共同目的和价值观念提供了基础。”[1]仪式的功能是将文化价值根植于现实生活,通过创造制度,规定仪式来积淀为习俗。
(二)仪式具有神奇的力量
仪式活动具有一种神奇的魔力,某些人所具备的能力,通过特定的仪式、表情、说话,就可以达到意想中要达到的目标。仪式活动看起来非常简单,每个人只要敬虔地按照既定的程序做他应做的事,中间不必争论,也毋须苦心经营,就可以大功告成。整个过程不费吹灰之力,所产生的效果却大得惊人。孔子在《论语》中曾论及此中魔力的存在。他说:“无为而治者,其舜也与?夫何为哉?恭己正南面而已矣。”意思是说,能够做到无为而治的,要算是舜了吧?他下过什么功夫呢?无他,只是恭敬地面向南方而已!如此这般简单不过,而天下大治,这不是魔力又是什么?魔力来自哪儿呢?来自守礼,来自每个参与其事的人,都扮演好自己的角色。孔子和荀子似乎早已体悟出礼仪与社会秩序间的关系,在他们看来整个社会生活就是庞大的、神圣礼仪。
(三)仪式活动要旨
仪式是一种精心设计的人文活动,进行仪式活动时,每个人做什么、说什么都有一套规定,所有的人都必须按特定的程序做特定的事,所有参与者的动作都紧密地配合。有时以一种无声的语言展开,有时是无声与有声相结合,传递着某种精神或意义。每个细节、每个动作都有着象征意义和价值。中国古代的各种祭祀活动,其程序、位次、动作、衣着、祭品的选择,都有严格的规定,否则就视为禁忌。仪式的人文意义不在结果,而在过程之中。
仪式活动要产生神奇的影响力要有两个条件:(1)参与者必须对仪式程序娴熟自如,做起来才不致于生硬;(2)参与者必须有诚心和敬意。如果光是娴熟而缺乏敬虔,整个事情就沦为表面、机械、形式化的做作。二者之中,后者更为重要。孔子说,“与其易也宁戚!”(与其做得娴熟畅通,倒不如怀有真情)“祭如在,祭神如神在。吾不与祭,如不祭。”这说明,一方面孔子不大相信鬼神的存在,否则不必说“如在”;另一方面,他又劝诫别人在祭神时要当作神是存在的,这样才会生出敬意,益增仪式的权威,以致每个人都视作理所当然地遵守。仪式是为了强化行礼者内心的“真性情”,因此,要是没有诚意就不如不祭。所谓“真性”即孟子所提的四个善端:恻隐为仁,羞恶为义,是非为智,恭敬为礼,这四种心理本能须借助于行礼,不断反省自觉中才能把四端“广而充之”,熟练自如,达到自律。“真情”即情之自然。礼对情感具有激发和限制的双重功能。祭礼以饰其敬;丧礼以饰其哀;军礼以饰其怒;宾礼以饰其乐;嘉礼以饰其喜。儒家的礼教,要求外在的节文和内在的性情取得和谐调节。没有真性情,礼固然是一套虚假的玩意;但徒有性情,没有一种适当的形式来表达,真情也会受到限制。
仪式活动需要借助各种艺术手段,对人的情感世界产生作用。艺术靠形式、色彩、节奏和韵律直接诉诸无意识知觉,产生非特定的心理反应,通过非理性知觉打动人的全身心。艺术首先作用的是直觉和感情,这通路要比理性知觉短得多,直接得多。因而,洛扎诺夫说:“艺术是最有力的暗示”。①(P794)正如黑格尔所说:“宗教往往利用艺术,来使我们更好地感到宗教的真理,或者用图像说明宗教真理以便于想象。”② (P84)各种宗教仪式,或者借助于音乐,或者借助于建筑,或者借助于象征物,来渲染一种庄严、肃穆的气氛,对人的情绪情感发生移情作用。仪式活动也需要借助音乐、语言或有音乐配合的艺术语调,调动人的无意识系统,激发人的可接受性。洛扎诺夫说:“无意识心理倾向,从暗示学观点可以理解为期待的程度,为某一活动类型所作的内心的和无意识的心理准备状态。”①P796)仪式活动对环境或场景布置非常讲究,正如佛寺殿堂集建筑、雕塑、绘画和书法于一身,以营造特定的心理氛围, 引导人产生某种特定的无意识心理倾向。并且仪式活动中所有的人都做同样的事,协调一致、紧密配合,这种高度的统一性构成一种强大的群体压力,引导着人的从众心理,使人产生非理性控制的服从或从众行为。
礼仪的英语怎么说
涉外礼仪中以右为尊对的。
涉外礼仪,是涉外交际礼仪的简称。即,中国人在对外交际中,用以维护自身形象、对外交往对象表示尊敬与友好的约定俗成的习惯做法。
礼仪作为人际交往的重要的行为规范,它不是随意凭空臆造的,也不是可有可无的。了解礼仪的起源,有利于认识礼仪的本质,自觉地按照礼仪规范的要求进行社交活动。对于礼仪的起源,研究者们有各种的观点,可大致归纳为以下几种。
有一种观点认为,礼仪起源于祭祀。东汉许慎的《说文解字》对“礼”字的解释意思是实践约定的事情,用来给神灵看,以求得赐福。
“礼”字是会意字,与古代祭祀神灵的仪式有关。古时祭祀活动不是随意地进行的,它是严格地按照一定的程序,一定的方式进行的。郭沫若在《十批判书》中指出:“礼之起,起于祀神,其后扩展而为人,更其后而为吉、凶、军、宾、嘉等多种仪制。”这里讲到了礼仪的起源,以及礼仪的发展过程。
有一种观点认为,礼仪起源于法庭的规定。在西方,“礼仪”一词源于法语的“Etiguette”原意是“法庭上的通行证”。古代法国为了保证法庭中活动的秩序,将印有法庭纪律的通告证发给进入法庭的每个人,作为遵守的规矩和行为准则。后来“Etiguette”一词进入英文,演变为“礼仪”的含义,成为人们交往中应遵循的规矩和准则。
人的基本礼仪
问题一:"礼仪"用英语怎么说 etiquette英[etket]
美[tkt, -kt]
n礼仪,礼节; 规矩; 礼数;
[网络]待客礼节; 礼节,礼仪; 礼仪,礼节;
[例句]The rules of business etiquette are unique, as is the entire approach to etiquette in the business world
商务世界的礼仪的守则十分独特、统一。
[其他]形近词: briquette
问题二:礼仪 用英文怎么说 Courtesy); 指服务人员在为用户服务时要态度友好热忱、仪容仪表整洁大方、言谈举止得体。
protocol; protocol ['prutkl]
n
(条约等的)草案,草约;会谈记录(或备忘录)
外交议定书;备忘录
礼仪;外交礼节
科学实验报告(或计划);药物配制(试验)报告;治疗方案
计算机协议;规程
哲学基本句子(描述直接试验或知觉的命题)
vt
把…写入议定书;在议定书中拟定(或颁布)
vi
拟定议定书;拟定草案
问题三:基本的礼仪 用英语怎么说 basic etiquette
问题四:懂礼仪用英文怎么说 Being courteous
Having a courteous manner
问题五:“礼仪老师”的英语怎么说? etiquette teacher
问题六:文明礼仪用英语怎么说 Civilization etiquette
问题七:礼仪的英文怎么写? 礼仪:ity,aminity,convenance,decorum,ettiquette,
proprieties,protocol,savoir-vivre
外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
礼宾司Protocol Department
中国外交部礼仪司:The Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China
中华人民共和国外交部礼宾司向英国驻华大使馆致意,译为:The Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China presents its pliments to the Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in China
外交部办公厅 Direction generale du Minstere des Affaires etrangeres 储外交代表机构diplomatic mission
diplomat 外交家, 外交官
diplomatic rank 外交官衔
diplomatic representative 外交代表
the ity of nations [states]国际礼让(指互相尊重对方法律、风俗等)
外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs
礼仪ritual girl
diplomatic etiquette外交礼节
professional etiquette同行间的礼仪, 行规
medical etiquette医务界成规
a breach of etiquette失礼行为
the Protocol法国外交部的礼宾司
问题八:礼仪** 出礼仪 用英语怎么翻译? 1etiquette miss
2go out the etiquette
问题九:“重视礼仪”的英文怎么说, custom-oriented对吗? value etiquette
礼仪课程英语怎么说
人的基本礼仪
1, 别人给倒水时,不要干看着,要用手扶扶,以示礼貌
2,别人对你说话,你起码要能接话,不能人家说了上句,你没了下句,或者一味的说着啊啊啊,是是是
3,有人盯着你看的时候不要直视对方,假装没注意到
4,心情不好,再好的护肤品和化妆品也补救不了皮肤
5,睡眠不好,会使人说话语无伦次,反应迟钝,黑眼圈突出
6,别人释放“有毒气体”的时候不能嫌恶地躲开或者拿手扇,装作若无其事
7,被领导训斥的时候,不要低头,要直视领导,面带微笑,表示接受批评,领导的火就会慢慢消退,否则,领导会火上加油
8 女人一辈子不能手心朝上向男人要钱花
9 吃完饭退席时说:“我吃完了,你们慢吃。”
10给人递水递饭一定是双手。
11坐椅子不要翘起来
12吃饭要端碗,不要在盘子里挑拣
13 最后一个进门要记得随手关门
14送人走要说:“慢走。”
15洗了手不要随意甩手,水会甩到人家身上很不礼貌
16递刀具给别人要记得递刀柄那一端
17不揭别人的短处
18听别人说话的时候,眼神不要游移。这样显得很没礼貌。
19帮别人倒茶倒水之后,壶嘴不要对着别人
20站有站相,坐有坐相。
21遇到那种往里往外都能开的门,拉而不是推
22说道就一定要做到。做不到的就不要承诺。
23不要贪小便宜不要贪财,钱再多也有花完的时候
24屋里有人的时候,出门要轻手关门
25这个世界不相信眼泪
26与其花空心思留住男人,不如让男人花空心思留住自己
27人穷志不短
28盛饭或端茶给别人时,如果中间隔了人,不要从别人面前经过递,而要从别人后面绕过递
29自己有本事才是真的本事
30学会温柔学会聆听
31去别人家里,不要坐在人家的床上
32在酒桌上与别人碰杯,自己的杯子一定要低于对方的,特别是对方是长辈或领导
33晴带雨伞,饱带干粮---未雨绸缪总是好的。
34 如果问别人话,别人不回答你,不要死着脸皮不停的问。
35 吃饭的时候尽量不要发出声音
36 捡东西或者穿鞋时候要蹲下去,不要弯腰撅屁股
37 别人批评你的时候,即使他是错的,也不要先辨驳,等大家都平静下来再解释
38做事情要适可而止,无论是狂吃喜欢的食物还是闹脾气
39到朋友家吃完饭,要主动帮忙洗碗清理桌子-----主人做饭已经很辛苦了,不能事后还让主人清理
40生活中会遇见各式各样的人,你不可能与每个人都合拍,但是有一点是四海皆准的:你如何对待别人,别人也会如何对待你
41待客不得不大,持家不得不小
42把拳头收回来是为了更有力的还击
43人活在这个世上,首先要学会一个“忍”字
44任何时候对任何人不要轻易告诉对方你的秘密
45钱不是靠攒的,会花才会赚
46学无止境,不仅仅是学书本知识,更要学会怎么待人处事,社会远比你想象的要复杂
47不要跟同事议论上司或其他同事的是非,你的无心之言很可能成为别人打击你的证据
48做事情,做好了是你的本分,做的不好就是你失职
49只有错买,没有错卖。不要只顾着贪小便宜。
50有时候孤单是正常的,不要害怕,要自己调剂
51有真正的朋友,但不知你有没有福气遇到。不管有没有遇到,都不要否认它。不要算计别人,尤其不要算计自己喜欢的人。对自己喜欢的人,不要使用手段去得到
52最勇敢的事情是认清了生活的真相之后依旧热爱生活。不要害怕欺骗,但要知道世界上存在欺骗
53借钱的时候,心里要有个底,就是要想着这个钱是回不来的。所以借出去的钱永远要在自己能承受的损失范围之内。可以承受的数字以内,即使回不来,也是心里早准备好的。自己不能承受损失的数目,就不能借
54最好的朋友之间,除非他穷的吃不了饭了,否则最好不要有经济往来。许多可贵的友谊都败坏在钱上。
55君子可寓意于物,但不可留意于物
56出门在外能忍则忍,退一步海阔天空
57擦桌子的时候要往自己的方向抹
58打电话接电话第一句话一定要是 喂,您好;挂电话的时候等别人先挂
59一次不忠 百次不容
60不随地吐痰扔东西,如果没有垃圾箱,就拎回家扔垃圾筒里
61多看书对心灵有益,你会看到一个更广阔的世界
62是你去适应社会,不是社会来适应你
63不要让别人知道自己的真实想法,要笑在人前笑,要哭一个人躲起来哭
64走路手不要插在口袋里
65简单的事情复杂做,复杂的事情简单做
66机会只留给有准备的人,天上不会掉馅饼
67不管什么条件下,仔细刷牙,特别是晚上
68早上一定要吃早餐,没有早餐喝杯水也一定要
69少说别人是非,把自己管牢
70你是无价之宝
71女生,和男孩子出去要自己买单
72要对自己的行为负责,不要怨天由人,在做之前要想想应不应该,出了事要学会自己解决
73要想人前显贵,必先人后受罪
74如果你看到一个贴子还值得一看的话,那么你一定要回复,因为你的回复会给人继续前进的勇气,会给人很大的激励。同时也会让人感激你!
中西方餐桌礼仪及英文表达
『壹』 “礼仪老师”的英语怎么说
etiquette teacher
『贰』 礼仪 用英文怎么说
Courtesy); 指服务人员在为用户服务时要态度友好热忱、仪容仪表整洁大方、言谈举止得体。
protocol; protocol ['prəutəkɔl]
n
(条约等的)草案,草约;会谈记录(或备忘录)
外交议定书;备忘录
礼仪;外交礼节
科学实验报告(或计划);药物配制(试验)报告;治疗方案
计算机协议;规程
哲学基本句子(描述直接试验或知觉的命题)
vt
把…写入议定书;在议定书中拟定(或颁布)
vi
拟定议定书;拟定草案
『叁』 礼仪英语怎么说
manners可以
不过更正式的是
etiquette 原来是法文,意思是礼节
n [U]
1礼节;礼仪
This is a book on etiquette
这是本有关礼仪的书。
According to etiquette, you should stand up to meet a guest
按照礼专节你应该站起来接待客人属。
2(同业间的)规矩;成规
medical etiquette
医学界的规矩
『肆』 礼仪培训课怎么说用英语
manners可以不过更正式的是etisuette原来是法文,意思是礼节n[U]1礼节;礼仪Tsisabookoisuette这是本有关礼仪的书。Accordingtoetisuette,youshouldstanptomeetaguest按照礼节你应该站起来接待客人。喔 顺便提一下 目前我在学的ABC天卞口语的导师和我提到 事实上要学好英语是很容易的;坚持要拥有一个好的研习情境以及练习口语对象 外教水平很重要 发音纯正非常重要 保持每日口语沟通 1 on 1针对性教学才能够有非常好的进步效率~完成课堂后还要回放复习课程录音音频 来进一步深化知识如果真的没人帮忙的环境,就去可可或BBC获得课外学习资料学习,多说多练迅速的口语会进步许多 整体效果肯定会突飞猛进的;(同业间的)规矩;成规medicaletisuette医学界的规矩
『伍』 基本的礼仪 用英语怎么说
|基本的礼仪
Basic etiquette
礼仪 [lǐ yí]
基本翻译
etiquette
rite
protocol
网络释义
礼仪:courtesy | etiquette | convenance
网络
礼仪
礼仪是根据在社会、社会价值或者小组之间的当代常规准则影响社会行为的期望的代称。礼节通常是不会有人刻意去规定和记载的,但是礼节的方面常被记录了。礼节的规则包括社会相互作用的大多数社会层次方面,是没有 详细 »
搜索 礼仪 社交礼仪的基本常识 文明礼仪手抄报
『陆』 "礼仪"用英语怎么说
etiquette 英[ˈetɪket]
美[ˈɛtɪˌkɛt, -kɪt]
n 礼仪,礼节; 规矩; 礼数;
[网络] 待客礼节; 礼节,礼仪; 礼仪,礼节;
[例句]The rules of business etiquette are unique, as is the entire approach to etiquette in the business world
商务世界专的礼仪的守则十属分独特、统一。
[其他] 形近词: briquette
『柒』 礼仪培训课用英语怎么说
Protocol training class (course)礼仪培训课
『捌』 礼仪的英文怎么写
礼仪:ity,aminity,convenance,decorum,ettiquette,
proprieties,protocol,savoir-vivre
外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
礼宾司Protocol Department
中国外交部礼仪司: Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China
中华人民共和国外交部礼宾司向英国驻华大使馆致意,译为:The Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China presents its pliments to the Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in China
外交部办公厅 Direction generale Minstere des Affaires etrangeres
外交代表机构diplomatic mission
diplomat 外交家, 外交官
diplomatic rank 外交官衔
diplomatic representative 外交代表
the ity of nations [states]国际礼让(指互相尊重对方法律、风俗等)
外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs
礼仪ritual girl
diplomatic etiquette外交礼节
professional etiquette同行间的礼仪, 行规
medical etiquette医务界成规
a breach of etiquette失礼行为
the Protocol法国外交部的礼宾司
『玖』 “服务礼仪”这门课程 英文怎么说
服务礼仪”这门课程
Service etiquette course
英 [ˈetɪˌket, -kɪt] 美 [ˈɛtɪˌkɛt, -kɪt]
n 礼仪,礼节回; 规矩; 礼数答;
『拾』 “礼仪”这个词的英语怎么说
etiquette 原来是法文,意思是礼节
n [U]
1礼节;礼仪
This is a book on etiquette
这是本有关礼仪的书。
According to etiquette, you should stand up to meet a guest
按照礼节你应该站起来接待客版人。
2(同业间的权)规矩;成规
medical etiquette
医学界的规矩
The Differences Between Chinese and Western Table Manners/etiquette
Comparison of Chinese and western Table Manners/etiquette
table manners
UK [ˈteɪbl mænəz]
US [ˈteɪbl mænərz]
n
餐桌规矩;进餐礼节
table etiquette
UK [ˈteɪbl ˈetɪkət]
US [ˈteɪbl ˈetɪkət]
餐桌礼仪
manners是常使用复数形式,指非常普通的、连孩子都应掌握的基本的礼仪规范;etiquette则更为讲究,要比manners复杂,常随着形势的变化而改变。
Etiquette (来自法语)and manners are synonyms, but do have slightly different meanings
Etiquette is a code of polite conduct based on social acceptance and efficiency Simply, it means to follow rules for efficiently or politeness Sometimes, rules of etiquette are archaic (old-fashioned) and don't make sense nowadays
For example, it is good etiquette to sit with your back straight
It is good etiquette to not chew loudly when at the dinner table
It is good etiquette to dress neatly for a formal occasion
Etiquette may change in different cultures For example, it could be good etiquette to chew loudly when eating your food (this is just an example, haha)
Manners are polite behaviors that reflect an attitude of consideration, kindness and respect for others
For example, saying "please" and "thank you" are good manners Saying "excuse me" if you need to get someone's attention instead of shouting rudely is good manners Not interrupting someone while they are talking is good manners
Good manners are usually universal and don't change in different cultures
Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough
tableware
UK [ˈteɪblweə(r)]
US [ˈteɪblwer]
n
(商店用语)餐具
chopsticks
UK [ˈtʃɒpstɪks]
US [ˈtʃɑpˌstɪks]
n
筷子
chopstick的复数
The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares ,Perhaps it’s one of the things that surprises a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food onto the plates of their guests In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness It is always polite to eat the food If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate
People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed When you have had enough, just say so Or you will always overeat!
Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position No matter three meals a day or guest's arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup There is no rule for how to put the tableware What people care about more are not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food People's dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon
Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating:
The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares ,Perhaps it’s one of the things that surprises a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food onto the plates of their guests In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness It is always polite to eat the food If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate
People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed When you have had enough, just say so Or you will always overeat!
Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position No matter three meals a day or guest's arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup There is no rule for how to put the tableware What people care about more are not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food People's dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon
Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating:
Can I take your order now
Will you have some soup before the meat course
吃荤菜前先来点汤好吗?
关于宴会知多少?
banquet
UK [ˈbæŋkwɪt]
US [ˈbæŋkwɪt]
n
宴会;盛宴;筵席
CET6 · 考研 · TEM8 · GRE · TOEIC
复数:banquets
The state banquet国宴
SITTING
In China, any banquet, only will have one form, will be everybody sits in a circle all round The banquet must use the round table, this formally has created (营造)one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere The delicacy delicacies place(摆放) a table of person's center, it is not only the object which table of people appreciate, taste, is also a table of person sentiment exchange intermedium
Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends,(男女主人坐在两头) and then the guest of honor men and women in the press and the general order of the guests seating arrangements
关键词:
a circle
UK [ə ˈsɜːkl]
US [ə ˈsɜːrkl]
一周;一圈
all around
UK [ˌɔːl əˈraʊnd]
US [ˌɔːl əˈraʊnd]
各方面,四周
the round table
UK [ðə raʊnd ˈteɪbl]
US [ðə raʊnd ˈteɪbl]
圆桌
round-table conference
UK [raʊnd ˈteɪbl ˈkɒnfərəns]
US [raʊnd ˈteɪbl ˈkɑːnfərəns]
圆桌会议;举行圆桌会议
圆桌会议指围绕圆桌举行的会议,圆桌并没有主席位置,亦没有随从位置,人人平等。此概念源自英国传说里的亚瑟王与其圆桌骑士在卡默洛特时代的习俗。
圆桌会议是指一种平等、对话的协商会议形式。是一个与会者围圆桌而坐的会议。在举行国际或国内政治谈判时,为避免席次争执、表示参加各方地位平等起见,参加各方围圆桌而坐,或用方桌但仍摆成圆形。直到今天“圆桌会议”已成为平等交流、意见开放的代名词,也是国家之间以及国家内部,一种重要的协商和讨论形式。
a long table
the guests of honor贵宾
The order of dishes in the West(bread eater)
Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called an a starter After the starter you will get a bowl of soup The next dish is the main course, it usually is a beefsteak A vegetable salad will be served Then a delicious dessert will appear at the table At last is a cup of tea or coffee
Starter(英式)
UK [ˈstɑːtə(r)]
US [ˈstɑːrtər]
n
(主菜之前的)开胃小吃,开胃品;参赛人;参赛的马(或汽车等);(赛跑等的)发令员
TEM8 Vocabulary
复数:starters
Appetizer(北美)
UK [ˈæpɪtaɪzə(r)]
US [ˈæpɪtaɪzər]
n
(餐前的)开胃品,开胃饮料
GRE · TOEIC
复数:appetizers
The main course 主菜
The order of dishes in China (rice eater)
The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes Soup then will be served to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all
中文:渴汤 不等于英文drink soup 而是 eat soup
This is my spoon I like to eat soup
这是我的勺子,我喜欢喝汤。
I eat soup with a large spoon
我用大勺子喝汤。
Manners in the West
1) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin, pick yours up and lay it on your lap Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, take it out and put it on your side plate
2) The Soup Course
Dinner usually begins with soup The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon lt will be beside your plate at the right-hand side
3) The Fish Course
If there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork Often it is smaller
4) The Meat Course
The main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl or a roast which need to be carved He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark (红肉 )or light (白肉) 。
5) Helping Yourself and Refusing
If a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: No thank you。
6) Various rules and Suggestions
Sit up straight on your chair;
Do not put much food in your mouth at a time; Drink only when there is no food in your mouth; Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out; Do not make any noise when you eat; Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick/dental floss , not even with you tongue
Receiving guests
When a guest receives an invitation to someone's home, it is common but not necessary for the guest to ask, "Could I bring anything" If the host declines, the guest should not insist, as this insinuates that the host is unable to provide
中文:渴汤 不等于英文drink soup 而是 eat soup
This is my spoon I like to eat soup
这是我的勺子,我喜欢喝汤。
I eat soup with a large spoon
我用大勺子喝汤。
Manners in the West
1) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin, pick yours up and lay it on your lap Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, take it out and put it on your side plate
2) The Soup Course
Dinner usually begins with soup The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon lt will be beside your plate at the right-hand side
3) The Fish Course
If there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork Often it is smaller
4) The Meat Course
The main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl or a roast which need to be carved He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark (红肉 )or light (白肉) 。
5) Helping Yourself and Refusing
If a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: No thank you。
6) Various rules and Suggestions
Sit up straight on your chair;
Do not put much food in your mouth at a time; Drink only when there is no food in your mouth; Try not to get into your mouth anything that will have to be taken out; Do not make any noise when you eat; Do not clean your teeth at the table or anywhere in public, either with your finger or a tooth pick/dental floss , not even with you tongue
Receiving guests
When a guest receives an invitation to someone's home, it is common but not necessary for the guest to ask, "Could I bring anything" If the host declines, the guest should not insist, as this insinuates that the host is unable to provide adequate hospitality, especially for more formal situations such as dinner parties Hosts accepting such offers should be clear, but not demanding; if one does not think the guest will be able to provide the correct item, politely decline the offers It is polite to announce your presence when arriving at an informal occasion, such as a backyard barbecue, or if dropping by unexpectedly, although the latter is a faux pas unless the host has previously indicated that such visits are welcome
Guests wishing to give flowers should consider sending them earlier in the day or the day before a dinner party rather than bring them just as the hostess is busy with last minute dinner preparations A host might keep a vase handy if he or she suspects that flowers, wile brought by guests
A guest may offer to help a host, and it is more appropriate in more familiar situations The host should turn down help offered by people he is less familiar with Judith Martin
states: "A good guest offers to help but does not insist if the offer is firmly refused " A good host never requests help and offers mild resistance if it is wanted, but firm resistance if it is not
General standards
These etiquette topics are relevant in both the United States and Canada and pertain no basic interactions in society It is a understood that these are general rules to which in certain contexts and depending on the expectations of the parties involved,
there may be exceptions
Manners in China
1)Spitting Out the Bones
In China it is common practice to spit things out on the table or the floor Often food has small pieces of bone or other inedible parts that need to be removed from the mouth Using chopsticks, a hand or a tissue is a polite way around the problem
2)Touching Tables
Though in the West it is sometimes considered rude to put one's elbows on the dining table, this is quite acceptable in China, particularly when eating noodles
3)Noise and Smoking
Eating noisily is allowed in China Slurping, smacking the lips and leaving the mouth open when eating can be viewed as demonstrating enjoyment of the food and a friendly atmosphere in China
Smoking is also permitted in most Chinese restaurants A way round this, in larger restaurants, is to request a side room you’re your meal, which will have its own door to insulate you from the noise and smoke
4)Dessert
Eating something sweet for dessert is not a Chinese custom Sweet things can be found hidden among everything else on a Chinese menu Fruit salads and caramel covered apple are Chinese sweet dishes that are popular with Westerners
5)Drinking
Beer is very popular in China The other popular alcoholic drink is rice wine Beware, this can be very strong In China, drinking alcohol is still mainly a male custom Male guests are routinely offered alcohol and, cigarettes at meal times Just politely refuse if you don't want them An empty glass is always refilled, no matter about protests is that the guest has had enough, as a mark of politeness or good will often a refusal has to be given three times