面包 这个名词是由外语翻译而来：主要是有：日耳曼语族面包的说法均很近似，英语为“Bread”，德语为“Brot”。欧洲各国的面包，无论是“Brot”还是“Bread”，都是借助埃及人发现的酵母菌制作而成的，无论它有多少变化，但源头可以说只有一个。拉丁语族拉丁语的还有西班牙语的“Pan”，葡萄牙语的“pã；o”，意大利语的“Pane”，以及法语的“Pain”。斯拉夫语族俄语和白俄罗斯语都是хлеб，乌克兰语хліб，保加利亚语хляб日本日语在明治初年（1868年）之前，以“蒸饼”、“麦饼”、“麦面”、“面包”来表记。现代日本语则使用“パン”（pan）之片假名表记。“パン”（pan）源自于葡萄牙语的“pã；o”。大约是在17世纪，到日本的葡萄牙人把面包及其名称带入日本。另，“pã；o”又源自拉丁语的“Panis”。西亚西亚各国的面包，使用酵母菌，但并不等到充分发酵，就做成薄薄的面饼烧烤。印度以印度为中心的部分地区在（面包叫作Naan）制作面包时，并不使用酵母菌。基督教的圣餐（东正教除外）用不发酵的面团烤制面包。中国中国的羌饼和馒头，某种意义上也可以算作面包。中国传统食品之一的包子，价格便宜、实惠，为南北人民所喜爱。包子通常是带馅的，不带馅的可称作馒头，在江南和河北的有些地区，馒头与包子是不分的，他们将带馅的包子称作肉馒头。南翔馒头和门钉馒头就是有肉馅的。包子一般是用面粉发酵做成的，大小依据馅心的大小有所不同，最小的可以称作小笼包，其他依次为中包，大包。常用馅心为肉、芝麻、豆沙、干菜肉等。台湾自日治时代，传入面包，但在1930年之前一般百姓少有吃过面包，而名称则是经由日语的“パン”（pan）再流传成为台湾话“pháng”并沿用至今。台语的吐司发音为“食パン”（发音似修胖）。俄罗斯面包是俄罗斯重要的主食，俄国人吃汤习惯配面包，因此，点汤后服务生常问要不要面包（一般而言不会太贵）。语中面包既是指食品，又是指好客。俄罗斯民间有这样的信仰，即“善待客人，客人便不会愧对主人”。也许正是基于此，俄罗斯人自古以来都保持着热情好客的传统美德。古往今来，他们将俄罗斯面包和盐作为迎接客人的最高礼仪，以表示自己的善良慷概。作为迎客的象征，他们将面包和盐放在餐桌最显著的位置上，以此表示对来客的欢迎。这一风俗习惯，在俄罗斯人的迎宾礼中体现得最为明显。随便拜访哪一位俄罗斯人家，只要一进门，主人便邀请你去厨房吃点儿什么，而几乎每家的餐桌上总要放些面包。最有趣的是，这种传统待客的风俗已经作为俄罗斯国家的迎宾礼。每当外国首脑来访，俄罗斯姑娘便端着新出炉的面包和盐款款走上前，请客人品尝。俄罗斯面包分黑面包(ржаной)与白面包(белый)两种。面包种类不仅很多，且风味俱全。形状有长的、扁的、方的、圆的各式各样，最普通的面包被称为“巴顿”，销售量最大，其次是黑面包。
英语中的外来词（法语篇）
co-
在法语词根是共同分享的意思
pain
和好理解，就是面包。
copain词根原意是只，可以和你一起分享面包的人。
所以COPAIN指关系好的朋友，伙伴的意思，确实是可以用在朋友身上
只有pettie
amie
才是女朋友意思
In some ways
English
French and German are almost like three brothers and sisters that grew up together Each language influenced the other o languages in some ways
but one of the biggest influences on English was French
从某种意义上来说，英语、法语和德语像共同成长的兄弟姐妹一样。每种语言都在某种程度上影响了其他两种语言。但 影响英语最大的是法语 。
In fact
from the 9th century until the 14th century
a form of French was even the “official” language in the courts of England! During those years
the mon (non-royal) people spoke an older form of English
while the kings
queens and members of the court spoke French And to make it more confusing
most documents were written in Latin
事实上，从9世纪到14世纪，法语甚至是英国宫廷的官方语言！这期间，平民（非王室成员）说古英语，而国王、王后和宫廷成员说法语。而且更令人不解的是，大多数的文件是由拉丁文书写的。
As you can imagine
there was a lot of mixing beeen those languages So let’s look at some interesting English words that still “look French”
你可以想象的到，这些语言之间产生了许多混合。所以我们来看看这些“看起来法式”的趣味英语单词。
One more note: Be sure to listen to the pronunciations for these originally-French words Many are probably said differently than you might expect!
要注意：听清楚这些源自法语的词汇发音。许多或许和你想象中的不太一样。
1 Ballet
芭蕾
This is a form of dance that is popular throughout much of the world Because this dancing style developed in France
many of the words that people use to talk about ballet also e from French Non-ballet dancers would probably only know the words “ballerina” and “tutu” from that list
though
这是一种在世界大部分地区很流行的舞蹈。因为这种舞蹈在法国发展起来，人们用来谈论芭蕾的许多词也来自法语。非芭蕾舞者或许只知道“芭蕾 演员”和“芭蕾舞裙”这些词。
It’s important to note how the word “ballet” is pronounced Here you don’t pronounce the “t” at the end Instead
the second syllable should sound like “lay
” with the same vowel sound as the letter “a”
注意芭蕾是如何发音的很重要。末尾的t不发音，相反的，第二个音节的发音应该和lay相似，和字母a的发音相同。
That’s an interesting thing about some of these French loanwords: Some are pronounced like an English word
but others are pronounced more like in French
一些法语外来词很有意思：有些的发音像英语，而另一些发音更像法语。
Here are a few other examples of French loanwords that end in “-et” but are pronounced like an “a” at the end: “buffet
” “gourmet
” “filet
” “chalet” and even the car pany “Chevrolet”
还有一些其他的法语外来词以-et结尾，但是发音像字母a，例如buffet（自助餐），gourmet（美食家），filet（肉片）和chalet（小木屋），还有汽车公司Chevrolet（雪佛兰）。
例句：
My niece and nephew are in ballet class
so I watched their 5-hour ballet performance on Saturday It was pretty long
我的侄子和侄女在上芭蕾课，所以我周六看了他们五小时的芭蕾表演，真的很长。
2 Café
咖啡馆，小餐馆
In English
this is the name for a all
usually informal restaurant It often has all tables
and sometimes there are also tables outside It is written both with the accent mark (“café”) and without it (“cafe”) in English
在英语中，这是小餐馆的称呼，通常是不太正式的餐厅。餐馆里有小桌子，有时候外面也会有些桌子。在英语中书写的时候可以加重音符，café，也可以不加重音符cafe。
“Cafe” es from the French word for “coffee
” but it’s also very similar to other words related to coffee in many other languages Usually
cafes do serve coffee But if a place only serves coffee (and not any food)
then it’s normally called a “coffee shop”
cafe源于法语单词咖啡coffee，但和许多其他语言中与咖啡相关的词类似。通常，小餐馆确实提供咖啡。但如果一个地方只提供咖啡，没有任何食物，那通常会被称为咖啡馆。
Also note that there’s a similar word
“cafeteria
” that causes some confusion Generally
a cafeteria is like a all restaurant that is for a specific group of people You’ll often find cafeterias at schools or large panies In those cases
the cafeterias are for the people who study or work in the building
还要注意有一个相似的词语，cafeteria（自助餐厅），这引起了一些混淆。通常来说，自助餐厅像是针对特定人羣的小餐厅。你可以在学校或大公司找到自助餐厅。这些情况下，自助餐厅是针对那些在此处学习或工作的人。
例句：
I’ve only got about 20 minutes for lunch
so I’ll just stop at a cafe for a quick sandwich
我只有20分钟吃午餐，所以我在小餐馆很快吃个三明治就好了。
3 Croissant
羊角面包
Some of the most mon (and best!) loanwords are related to food That’s because many foods are closely connected to a particular culture
and other languages often don’t always have words for foods from other cultures
一些最常见（而且最好）的外来词都是和食物有关。那是因为许多种类的食物会和某种特定的文化紧密相连，而其他语言通常无法一直有特定的词汇可以描述源于外国文化的食物。
A croissant is a type of pastry or bread that is light and flaky “Flaky” means the croissant leaves lots of little crumbs on your plate when you eat it
羊角面包是一种轻软易碎的点心或面包。Flaky表示吃羊角面包时会残留许多碎屑在盘子里。
A similar type of bread in English is a “crescent roll” “Roll” is the name of a all piece of bread
在英语中相似的面包种类是新月形面包。Roll是小面包的称呼。
例句:
Tina really loves to make croissants because they taste better than other types of bread
缇娜真的喜欢制作羊角面包，因为它们尝起来比其他种类的面包更好。
4 Entrepreneur
企业家
This is definitely a word that you should hear pronounced
since it can be a little tricky even for native English speakers
这肯定是一个你应该听清楚发音的词，因为对母语是英语的人来说，这个词的发音有点难。
An entrepreneur is a person who starts their own pany Other mon forms of the word include “entrepreneurship” (a noun) or “entrepreneurial” (an adjective)
企业家是一个自己开创的人。这个词其他常见的形式包括“企业家精神”（名词）或“企业家的”（形容词）。
例句:
Elon Musk
the man who started SpaceX and Tesla Motors
is one of the most famous entrepreneurs in the world
埃隆•马斯克，SpaceX和特斯拉的创始人，是世界上最著名的企业家之一。
5 Faux pas
失礼，失态
This phrase describes making a social has several silent letters
including the “x” and the “s”
这个短语描述的是犯了社交错误。它有几个不发音的字母，包括x和s。
If you make a faux pas
then the mistake usually isn’t very big and doesn’t hurt anyone physically
but it can make people unfortable
如果你失礼了，那这个错误通常不大，而且不会伤害到别人的身体，但是会让人们觉得不舒服。
例句:
I mitted a pretty big faux pas last night I kept trying to offer Maria beers
but I pletely fot that she stopped drinking alcohol three years ago!
我昨晚实在太失礼了。我一直试着给玛利亚啤酒，但我完全忘记她三年前已经戒酒了。
6 Genre
类型
In French
this word means “kind” or “style”
在法语中，这个单词表示“种类”或“类型”。
In English
it’s used to describe a category of something
especially when talking about entertainment You’ll especially hear people using this word to talk about books
movies and music
在英语中，它被用来描述某一类事物，尤其是谈到娱乐活动的时候。你会听到人们用这个词来谈论书籍、**和音乐。
例句:
Roy likes many types of music
but his favorite genre is heavy metal
罗伊喜欢许多类型的音乐，但他最喜欢的类型是重金属乐。
7 Hors d’oeuvre
前菜
These are all bits of food that are served at special events
usually parties They’re very similar to appetizers
but appetizers are usually served before a larger meal
在特殊场合，通常是聚会中，会提供一些餐点零食。类似于开胃菜，但开胃菜通常在较为大型的宴席中提供。
In fact
the spelling is also very difficult Most native English speakers generally only use it when speaking
事实上，单词的拼写也很难。大多数的英语母语使用者通常只在说话的时候用到这个词。
例句:
We were invited to Tina and Roy’s engagement party We expected a big meal
but there were only hors d’oeuvres That was okay
though
since we weren’t that hungry
我们获邀参加缇娜和罗伊的订婚宴。我们期待一顿丰盛的餐点，但只有一些前菜。不过也可以，因为我们不是很饿。
8 Lingerie
女士内衣
This is used to describe women’s underwear or sleepwear that is usually sexy or special in some way It also has a tricky pronunciation
用来描述女士的内衣或睡衣，某种程度上比较性感和特别。它的发音也很刁钻。
例句:
These days
before some women get married
their friends give them a “lingerie shower” That’s when the woman’s friends all get together and give her lingerie as a wedding gift
如今，在一些女性结婚前，她们的朋友一个内衣派对，那时朋友会聚集在一起，送给新娘一套内衣作结婚礼物。
9 Renaissance
文艺复兴
In French
this means “rebirth
” but in English it is often used to describe the historical period beeen 1300 and 1600 when art and science developed a lot
在法语中，它表示重生，但是在英语中它经常用来描述14世纪到17世纪那段艺术与科学飞速发展的历史时期。
It can also be used to describe any time a person
pany or country starts being popular again after a difficult period of time As a funny note
some entertainment writers even described the “renaissance” of the actor Matthew McConaughey as a “Mcconaissance”
它也可以用来描述一个人、公司或国家在一段艰难时期后重新变得受欢迎。有趣的一点是，有些娱乐记者甚至将马修•麦康纳的“复兴”称之为Mcconaissance。
例句:
I don’t know much about art
but I do know that Michelangelo and Raphael were o of the most famous artists from the Renaissance
我对艺术了解不多，但我确实知道米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔是文艺复兴时期最著名的两个艺术家。
10 Rendezvous
约会，集合
In English
this word is used to describe either a place where people plan to meet
or the action of meeting a person at a specific time
英语中，这个单词用来描述人们计划会面的地点，或者在特定的时间见某个人的行为。
例句:
We’re in a new city
and I’m sure you all want to explore it a bit It’s 2:00 now
so let’s rendezvous back here at 6:00 Then we’ll go to dinner
我们在一个新的城市，我确定你们都想去探索一下。现在是两点，六点回到这里集合，然后我们去吃晚餐。
